KNOSOS

Welcome to KNOSOS's 10-hour Safety and Health training. This training program is intended to provide entry level worker information about their rights, employer responsibilities, and how to file a complaint as well as how to identify, abate, avoid and prevent job related hazards in their workplace. The training covers a variety of industry safety and health hazards which a worker may encounter in the workplace. The training emphasize hazard identification, avoidance, control and prevention, not KNOSOS standards. This program has the same curriculum criteria for required, elective and optional topics and hours as the 10-Hour outreach training. Upon successful completion of this program, you will receive an 10-hour Industry Safety and Health certificate and card. * [[Information]] * [[Courses]]

The 10-hour Safety and Health Program is intended to provide workers with some safety responsibility a greater depth and variety of training on an expanded list of topics associated with workplace hazards in general industry. The Program provides training for workers and employers on the recognition, avoidance, abatement, and prevention of safety and health hazards in their workplaces. The program also provides information regarding workers' rights, employer responsibilities, and how to file a complaint. The courses are organized into modules. Each quiz is designed to help the employee self-assess their understanding of the course content. After submitting their quiz answers, students can receive immediate feedback. Quiz results are not recorded and can be taken multiple times. After studying the course material and taking the module quizzes, students can take the course exam. The course exam is designed to test the students understanding of the course material. Course exams are composed of multiple choice questions selected from our extensive question bank. Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. * Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. * After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. * [[Courses]] * [[Course Exams]]

After studying the course material and taking the module quizzes, students can take the course exam. The course exam is designed to test the students understanding of the course material. Course exams are composed of multiple choice questions selected from our extensive question bank. * [[Information]] * [[Exam Characteristics]] * [[Courses]] * [[Proceed with Exam->Exams]]

Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. * [[Information]] * [[Courses]] * [[Course Exams]] * [[Proceed with Exam->Exams]]

Courses listed under the 10-hour Safety and Health training: =|= * [[105->105 - Hazard Communication]] * [[107->107 - Emergency Action Plans and Fire Prevention Plans]] * [[108->108 - Personal Protective Equipment]] * [[114->114 - Walking-Working Surfaces and Fall Protection]] * [[115->115 - Electrical Safety for Employees]] =|= * [[144->144 - Introduction to OSHA]] * [[153->153 - Ergonomic Hazards]] * [[159->159 - Hearing Protection]] * [[161->161 - Industrial Hygiene]] * [[162->162 - Accident Investigation]] |==|

This course introduces you to KNOSOS' Hazard Communication standard, and the general requirements for manufacturers, distributors, importers, employers and employees. Emphasis is placed on awareness of classification of hazards, labeling, the safety data sheet and training requirements. [[Start Course->Begin 105]] [[Take Test->Test 105]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This course is an introduction to the elements of an effective Emergency Action Plan and Fire Prevention Plan. Employers are required to have these two safety plans to help ensure they are prepared in emergency situations. [[Start course->Begin 107]] [[Take Test->Test 107]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This course is an introduction to the various types of personal protective equipment, including eye and face protection, head protection, arm and hand protection, foot protection, body protection, and respiratory protection. [[Start Course->Begin 108]] [[Take Test->Test 108]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This course is a basic awareness-level introduction to safe practices related to walking-working surfaces, ladders, stairs, fall protection and protection from falling objects. [[Start Course->Begin 114]] [[Take Test->Test 114]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This course provides a brief one-hour overview of basic electrical safety on the job. Emphasis is placed on the various electrical hazards encountered in the workplace, and how to protect yourself from those hazards. [[Start Course->Begin 115]] [[Take Test->Test 115]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This is a one-hour required course for the 10- and 30-Hour Training Program. The purpose of this course is to give employees a basic introduction into the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and how it fulfills its mission and protects employees. [[Start Course->Begin 144]] [[Take Test->Test 144]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

Ergonomics includes the scientific study of people at work. The goal of ergonomics is to reduce stress and eliminate injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of soft tissues. This course will help you gain a basic understanding of the hazards and best practices associated with ergonomics in general industry. [[Start Course->Begin 153]] [[Take Test->Test 153]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

The hearing conservation program is designed to protect workers with significant occupational noise exposures from hearing impairment even if they are subject to such noise exposures over their entire working lifetimes. This course introduces requirements and best practices with emphasis on monitoring, audiometric testing, hearing protectors, training, and the hearing conservation program. [[Start Course->Begin 159]] [[Take Test->Test 159]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause illness in the workplace. This course introduces students to the field of industrial hygiene and how industrial hygienists work to detect the extent of worker exposure to environmental hazards. [[Start Course->Begin 161]] [[Take Test->Test 161]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

This course is an introduction of the basic steps in an effective accident investigation that will help you to accurately determine the facts, understand injury analysis, surface-cause analysis, and root-cause analysis. You'll learn why the goal is to discover weaknesses in the safety management system that contribute to accidents. [[Start Course->Begin 162]] [[Take Test->Test 162]] [[Return to Course listing->Courses]]

''Introduction'' More than 30 million workers are potentially exposed to one or more chemical hazards in the workplace. There are an estimated 650,000 existing hazardous chemical products and hundreds of new ones are being introduced annually. This poses a serious challenge for employers as well as a health and safety hazard for exposed employees. Because of the seriousness of these safety and health problems, and because many employers and employees know little or nothing about them, OSHA issued the original Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) in 1994. The basic goal of the standard is to be sure employers and employees know about work hazards and how to protect themselves; this should help to reduce the incidence of chemical source illness and injuries. As you can see in the image to the right, Hazard Communication is close to the top of OSHA's Top Ten Cited Standards and is consistently at or near the top each year. [[Module 1 - Controls and Labeling->105.1]] [[Module 2 - Safety Data Sheets->105.2]] [[Exam Study Guide->105.3]]

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''Introduction'' Workplace accidents occur each and every day all around the world. Accident investigations determine how safety management system weaknesses create hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors, and develops solutions to prevent similar accidents from occurring. By using the information gained through an investigation, a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may be prevented. We should always conduct accident investigations with accident prevention in mind rather than establishing blame. ''The Challenge'' The challenge to any accident investigator is to report the findings in a well-thought-out manner to ensure management will ultimately adopt recommendations for improving its safety management system, thus solving problems long-term. It's a common struggle trying to overcome long-held perceptions about safety and how accidents occur. This course introduces you to basic accident investigation procedures that have proven effective. We will also take a look at various accident analysis techniques. [[Module 1 - Gathering the Facts->162.1]] [[Module 2 - Analyzing the Fact->162.2]] [[Exam Study Guide->162.3]]

Take the exams now: * [[Take Test 105->Test 105]] * [[Take Test 107->Test 107]] * [[Take Test 108->Test 108]] * [[Take Test 114->Test 114]] * [[Take Test 115->Test 115]] * [[Take Test 144->Test 144]] * [[Take Test 153->Test 153]] * [[Take Test 159->Test 159]] * [[Take Test 161->Test 161]] * [[Take Test 162->Test 162]] Not ready? [[Return->Course Exams]]

The following test was developed with the intent of assessing employees on their understanding of the concepts discussed in [[105 - Hazard Communication]] as well as be able to apply them in a real world focus. Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. * Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. * After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. [[Review Course Material->Begin 105]] [[Return to Course Listing->Courses]] [[Take the Test->Test 105.1]]

The following test was developed with the intent of assessing employees on their understanding of the concepts discussed in [[105 - Hazard Communication]] as well as be able to apply them in a real world focus. Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. * Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. * After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. [[Review Course Material->Begin 107]] [[Return to Course Listing->Courses]] [[Take the Test->Test 107.1]]

At the current time Knosos believes its employees are well versed in this area and we do not require you to complete this course for renewal of your certification. [[Return home->Welcome]]

Error 151981 Please contact your systems administrator and inform them of this error. Thank you. [[Return home->Welcome]]

At the current time Knosos believes its employees are well versed in this area and we do not require you to complete this course for renewal of your certification. [[Return home->Welcome]]

The following test was developed with the intent of assessing employees on their understanding of the concepts discussed in [[159 - Hearing Protection]] as well as be able to apply them in a real world focus. Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. * Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. * After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. [[Review Course Material->Begin 159]] [[Return to Course Listing->Courses]] [[Take the Test->159.4]]

At the current time Knosos believes its employees are well versed in this area and we do not require you to complete this course for renewal of your certification. [[Return home->Welcome]]

The following test was developed with the intent of assessing employees on their understanding of the concepts discussed in [[162 - Accident Investigation]] as well as be able to apply them in a real world focus. Students have two hours to complete each course exam. The exams are open book. You can use your notes or the study guide to help answer questions as needed. You must achieve a minimum score of 70% to pass each exam. If you do not pass an exam, you may retake it. * Students are only allowed to take an exam three (3) times within a 48-hour period. * After the third attempt, students must wait 48 hours before attempting the exam again. During this time, students should review the course material to improve their understanding. If you pass each exam, you may not retake the exams to raise your score. [[Review Course Material->Begin 162]] [[Return to Course Listing->Courses]] [[Take the Test->162.4.1]]

''Controls and Labeling'' //introduction// If you are exposed to hazardous chemicals at work, KNOSOS's Hazard Communication Standard (15 621311) will help you identify the hazards of those materials and how to use them safely. Your employer must also teach you about the protective measures when working with hazardous chemicals. When you have this important information, you'll be able to take steps to protect yourself from the negative effects caused by accidental exposure. KNOSOS's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires employers and manufacturers to develop and distribute chemical information as described below: * Chemical manufacturers and importers must classify the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import, and prepare labels and safety data sheets to convey the hazard information to their downstream customers. * Employers with classified hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels and safety data sheets for their exposed workers, and train workers to safely handle those chemicals. * Employers who do not produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of this rule that deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to their workers. As mentioned above, the standard requires your employer to provide information to employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed, by means of: * a hazard communication program* (HCP), * labels and other forms of warning, * safety data sheets, and * information and training. [[Next Section->105.1.1]] [[Return to course description->105 - Hazard Communication]]

''Safety Data Sheets'' //introduction// The HCS requires chemical manufacturers, distributors, or importers to provide Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) for each hazardous chemical to downstream users to communicate information on these hazards. SDSs are required to be presented in a consistent user-friendly format. We will discuss this format in this module. The SDS includes information such as: * the properties of each chemical; * the physical, health, and environmental health hazards; * protective measures; and * safety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical. The information contained in the SDS must be in English (although it may be in other languages as well). [[Previous Module->105.1]] [[Next Section->105.2.1]]

''Course 105 Study Guide'' [[Return to Course Description->105 - Hazard Communication]] 0. Who must have labels, safety data sheets (SDSs), and train employees on how to handle classified hazardous chemicals? a. Distributors b. Manufacturers c. Employers d. Sellers 0. The United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) provides a common and coherent approach to _____. a. classifying chemicals and communicating hazard information b. distributing chemical warnings and literature c. manufacturing and classifying chemical globally d. labeling consumer chemicals and distributing global requirements 0. Under the HCS, which of the following is a characteristic of a physical hazard? a. Reproductive toxicity b. Skin irritant c. Corrosive to metal d. Carcinogen 0. Which of the following is defined as small particles, usually formed when solid metal is heated and vaporized and then condenses as tiny particles? a. Mists b. Vapors c. Gases d. Fumes 0. What is the most common route of entry for hazardous substances? a. Ingestion b. Inhalation c. Absorption d. Injection 0. Under the Hierarchy of Controls, elimination, substitution, and engineering controls are given higher priority because _____. a. they are most effective in manipulating behaviors b. they focus on the greatest number of causes for accidents c. they are used when behaviors can't be effectively controlled d. they focus on doing something with the hazard 0. Which of the following may not require a container label? a. Stationary containers b. Workplace/Secondary containers c. Shipped/Primary containers d. Portable containers 0. What is the most common OSHA citation related to the HCS 2012 standard? a. Lack of proper SDS documentation b. Use of primary containers in the workplace c. Improperly labeled secondary containers d. Insufficient personal protective equipment 0. Why would treated lumber be required to have a shipped/primary label with initial shipment? a. Employees could be exposed to chemical offgas b. Because all solid material must be labeled c. The lumber is not considered to be a solid d. Since the lumber might burn, it needs a label 0. If you saw a container with a pictogram with a skull and crossbones, what would it mean to you? a. Target organ toxicity b. Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic) c. Carcinogenic d. Toxic narcotic effects 0. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are required to be presented _____. a. if consumer products are purchased in bulk b. whenever a new chemical of any kind is purchased c. in the primary language of the user d. in a consistent user-friendly, 16-section format 0. Which SDS section would display signal words and pictograms? a. Section 1: Identification b. Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification c. Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients d. Section 4: First-Aid Measures 0. Which SDS section includes the use of personal precautions and protective equipment to prevent the contamination of skin, eyes, and clothing? a. Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures b. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures c. Section 7: Handling and Storage d. Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection 0. In which section of the SDS would you find a description of the delayed, immediate, or chronic effects from short- and long-term exposure? a. Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties b. Section 10: Stability and Reactivity c. Section 11: Toxicological Information d. Section 16: Other Information 0. How soon must manufacturers add new information to an SDS after becoming aware of any significant new information regarding the hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards? a. Within 30 days b. Within three months c. Immediately d. As soon as possible 0. Where must SDSs be maintained during each workshift? a. Where unauthorized persons cannot have access b. In a locked cabinet to protect the data c. In a centralized office area at each worksite d. Where they are readily accessible in work areas 0. To be most effective, safety data sheet (SDS) training should _____. a. be completed within two weeks of employment b. be conducted one-on-one c. consist of primarily instructor lecture d. include demonstration and practice 0. To protect employees from the hazards of the chemicals they use, employers must develop HAZCOM training that includes _____. a. specific procedures b. leadership training a. video lessons b. 20-question exams 0. Who is responsible for training specific requirements of the company's hazard communication program to temporary employees? a. The temporary agency b. The host employer c. A third-party contractor d. Either the employer or temporary agency 0. If the employer merely intends to evacuate the work area, training should focus on the _____. a. Emergency Action Plan b. Command Post Operations Plan c. Fire Brigade Operations Plan d. Emergency Response plan [[Take the Exam->Test 105]]

[[Previous section->105.1]] ''Hazardous Substances and Chemicals'' KNOSOS has defined the term "substances" as chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any production process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition. For the purposes of the HCS, a hazardous chemical means any chemical which is classified as a physical hazard or a health hazard, a simple asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, or hazard not otherwise classified. ''Forms of Hazardous Chemicals'' You might think that the chemicals which apply to the rule are those in liquid, gas or particulate form. But, the standard's definition of "chemical" is much broader than that commonly used. According to the HCS, chemicals that apply may exist in one of many forms: * Dusts - are finely divided particles. Example - wood dust. * Fumes - are even smaller particles usually formed when solid metal is heated and vaporized, and then condenses as tiny particles. * Fibers - are similar to dusts but are of an elongated shape. Examples - asbestos and fiberglass. * Mists - are liquid droplets that have been sprayed into the atmosphere. * Vapors - are gases formed when liquid evaporates. * Gases - are substances that are normally airborne at room temperature. A vapor is the gaseous phase of a substance which is a normally a liquid or solid at room temperature. * Solids - such as metal, treated wood, plastic. * Liquids - the most common form in the workplace. ''Chemical Effects'' The effects chemicals have on the various organs of the human body depend on several important factors: * The form of the chemical: Is the chemical a solid, liquid, or gas? * The route of entry, or how the chemical contacts the body: is it ingested, inhaled, absorbed or injected? * The dose, or amount, the body receives: How much chemical makes its way into the body? * The toxicity: How poisonous is the chemical? ''Routes of Entry'' Another important task when assessing the workplace for chemical hazards is to determine the route(s) of entry the chemicals may take. If we know the route(s) of entry, we can then determine appropriate engineering, administrative, and PPE controls to eliminate or reduce the exposure. The four common routes of entry are: * Ingestion: Do we eat or drink it? * Inhalation: Do we breathe it in? This is the most common route of entry. * Absorption: Does it pass through the skin, eyes or other membranes? * Injection: Does it enter through a puncture or cut? [[Next Section->105.1.2]]

[[Previous Section->105.1.1]] ''Chemical Hazard Control Strategies'' Hazardous substances can be used safely in workplaces if adequate control strategies are used to prevent exposure to those chemicals. To eliminate or reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals, the use of an effective "Hierarchy of Controls" (HOC) is encouraged by Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. When you determine during a workplace assessment that exposure to harmful levels of hazardous chemicals is present, try to eliminate or reduce hazard and/or exposure using the following HOC strategies in the following order: The first three strategies are given top priority because they focus on doing something with the hazard. * //Elimination//: The best solution is to totally eliminate hazardous substances in the workplace. * //Substitution//: Substitution is the next-best solution. Replace a toxic substance with a less-toxic substance. If you can't get rid of the toxic substances, you may be able to replace them with substances that are at least less toxic. * //Engineering Controls//: Redesign or modify processes that use toxic chemicals to eliminate or reduce exposure to the chemical hazard itself. The last three strategies focus on doing something with behaviors to reduce exposure to the hazard. * //Warnings//: Use container labels and signs to warn employees about the dangers of the chemicals they are using. * //Administrative Controls//: The primary focus is to develop and incorporate safer behaviors and work practices through written safety policies and rules, supervision, and training. This strategy is a challenge because supervisors must regularly monitor their employees as they perform tasks. Bottom line, these controls work only so long as employees "behave" properly. * //Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)//: The use of PPE is probably the most common strategy, and mandatory when working with hazardous chemicals. PPE forms a barrier between workers and hazards. Once again, the chemical hazard is neither eliminated nor reduced, and a high reliance is placed on appropriate use of PPE for this strategy to be successful. Remember, the first question you want to ask is, "How can I eliminate, reduce, or engineer out the hazard?" Hopefully you'll be able to eliminate the hazard or reduce it to the point where safe behaviors or PPE won't be necessary. [[Next Section->105.1.3]]

[[Previous Section->105.1.2]] ''Types of Containers and Labels'' Container labeling can be a very effective method to communicate the physical and health hazards of chemicals used in the workplace. The information on a container label will vary depending on what type of container it is and how it is used. We will discuss labeling requirements under the HCS labeling requirements in this section. ''Updating Labels'' Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, or employers who become newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical must revise the labels for the chemical within six months of becoming aware of the new information. ''Shipped - Primary Container Labels'' Under the new HCS, labels on containers shipped from manufacturers or distributors must be labeled, tagged or marked with the following six items: //Product Identifier// - This should include the chemical identity of the substance. //Signal word// - Signal words used in GHS are "Danger" and "Warning." Danger is for the more severe hazard categories. //Hazard Statements// - This is a phrase assigned to a hazard class and category that describes the nature of the hazards of a hazardous product, and the degree of the hazard. //Pictograms// - These include symbols plus other elements, such as a border, background pattern or color that conveys specific information. //Precautionary statements// - These are phrases (and/or pictograms) that describe the recommended measures to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to a hazardous product. //Supplier identification// - This contains the name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of the substance or mixture. ''Workplace or Secondary Container Labels'' Employers they may choose to use their own containers such as coffee cans, drums, plastic jugs, spray bottles, etc. to store and use smaller quantities of chemicals they purchase. These are called workplace or secondary containers. Make sure secondary containers are properly labeled. One of the most frequent KNOSOS citations related to HCS is "improperly labeled secondary containers." Remember, whatever KNOSOS sees the most, they cite the most. The employer must ensure that each workplace or secondary container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with either: * The information required on shipped container labels; or, * Product identifier and words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, which provide at least general information regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and specific information regarding the physical and health hazards of the hazardous chemical. ''Stationary Container Labels'' On fixed stationary containers, employers may use signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets or operating procedures instead of affixing labels to each container. Alternative methods must identify the containers to which they are applicable and convey the information required by 15 621311. The employer must ensure that the written material (e.g., batch sheets) are readily available to each employee in the work area during their work shift. ''Portable Container Labels'' Portable containers are used to transfer hazardous chemicals from labeled containers, and are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. The employer is not required to label portable containers Portable containers must be under the "positive control" of the employee using it. If the employee walks away from the container and loses control of the chemical, it must be labeled as a workplace/secondary container. Drugs which are dispensed by a pharmacy to a health care provider for direct administration to a patient are exempted from labeling. ''Labels on Solid Materials'' For solid metal (such as a steel beam or a metal casting), solid wood, or plastic items that are not exempted as articles due to their downstream use, or shipments of whole grain, the required label may be transmitted to the customer at the time of the initial shipment, and need not be included with subsequent shipments to the same employer unless the information on the label changes. [[Next Module->105.2]]

[[Previous Section->105.2]] ''The SDS Form'' The HCS requires new SDSs to be in a uniform format, and include the section numbers, the headings, and associated information under the headings below: * Section 1: Identification - This section identifies the chemical on the SDS as well as the recommended uses. It also provides the essential contact information of the supplier. * Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification - This section identifies the hazards of the chemical presented on the SDS and the appropriate warning information associated with those hazards. * Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients - This section identifies the ingredient(s) contained in the product indicated on the SDS, including impurities and stabilizing additives. This section includes information on substances, mixtures, and all chemicals where a trade secret is claimed. * Section 4: First-Aid Measures - This section describes the initial care that should be given by untrained responders to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical. * Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures - This section provides recommendations for fighting a fire caused by the chemical. * Section 6: Accidental Release Measures - This section provides recommendations on the appropriate response to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and cleanup practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, or the environment. * Section 7: Handling and Storage - This section provides guidance on the safe handling practices and conditions for safe storage of chemicals. * Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection - This section indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure. * Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties - This section identifies physical and chemical properties associated with the substance or mixture. * Section 10: Stability and Reactivity - This section describes the reactivity hazards of the chemical and the chemical stability information. This section is broken into three parts: reactivity, chemical stability, and other. * Section 11: Toxicological Information - This section identifies toxicological and health effects information or indicates that such data are not available. * Sections 12-15 - Note: KNOSOS does not enforce Sections 12 through 15. * Section 16: Other Information - This section indicates when the SDS was prepared or when the last known revision was made. The SDS may also state where the changes have been made to the previous version. You may wish to contact the supplier for an explanation of the changes. Other useful information also may be included here. [[Next Section->105.2.2]]

[[Previous Section->105.2.1]] ''SDS Management'' Below are some more important requirements manufacturers, importers and distributors must meet: The manufacturer or importer must: * Prepare one SDS that applies to all similar mixtures where complex mixtures have similar hazards and contents (i.e. the chemical ingredients are essentially the same, but the specific composition varies from mixture to mixture). * Ensure that the SDS information recorded accurately reflects the scientific evidence used in making the hazard classification. * Add new information to the SDS within three months after becoming aware of any significant new information regarding the hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards. * If the chemical is not currently being produced or imported, add any new information to the material SDS before the chemical is introduced into the workplace again. * Provide an appropriate SDS with the initial shipment, with the first shipment after a SDS is updated, and as requested by the employer or distributor. * Retail distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers having a commercial account must: 0. provide a SDS to such employers upon request, and 0. post a sign or otherwise inform them that a SDS is available. [[Next Section->105.2.3]]

''Gathering the Facts'' //what is an accident// An accident is the final event in an unplanned process that results in injury or illness to an employee and possibly property damage. It is the final result or effect of a number of surface and root causes. * An "event," occurs when one "actor" (one person/thing) performs an "action" (does something). * A person or thing (equipment, tools, materials, etc.) will do something that results in a change of state. * An accident may be the result of many factors (simultaneous, interconnected, cross-linked events) that have interacted in some dynamic way. //basic requirements// Within eight (8) hours after the death of any employee as a result of a work-related incident, you must report the fatality to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor. Within twenty-four (24) hours after the in-patient hospitalization of one or more employees or an employee's amputation or an employee's loss of an eye, as a result of a work-related incident, you must report the in-patient hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye to OSHA. [[Next Section->162.1.1]] [[Return to course description->162 - Accident Investigation]]

[[Previous Module->162.1]] ''Conduct Cause Analysis'' You've completed the initial step of the accident analysis by gathering information and using it to break the accident down into an accurate sequence of events. You have a good mental picture of what happened. Now it's time to continue the analysis process by completing each of the following three phases of analysis to determine what caused those events. This module will introduce us to three phases of analysis: * //Phase 1: Injury Analysis//: It's important to understand, we're not analyzing the accident in this phase: we are analyzing precisely what happened during the accident event to identify the type of harmful energy involved (electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.) and how the harmful transfer of this energy (an action) caused the injury or illness. Remember, the outcome of the accident process is an injury or illness. * //Phase 2: Surface Cause Analysis//: In this next phase in the analysis process, you determine how the hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors described in each of the events interact to produce the accident. The hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors uncovered are the surface causes for the accident and give clues that point to possible system weaknesses. * //Phase 3: Root Cause Analysis//: During this phase of the analysis process, you're analyzing the weaknesses in the Safety Management System that contributed to the accident. You can usually uncover weaknesses related to inadequate safety policies, programs, plans, processes, or procedures. Root causes always pre-exist surface causes and may function through poor component design to allow, promote, encourage, or even require systems that result in hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors. We'll cover each of these three phases of analysis in more detail in the next few sections. [[Next Section->162.2.1]]

''Course 162 Study Guide'' [[Return to Course Description->162 - Accident Investigation]] 0. How soon must an employer report a work-related fatality to OSHA? a. Within 30 hours b. Within 24 hours c. Within 16 hours d. Within 8 hours 0. According to the National Safety Council (NSC) this is the most common accident type in the workplace. a. Falls-to-same-surface b. Bodily reaction c. Overexertion d. Falls-to-below 0. What is the purpose of an accident investigation? a. To determine legal liability b. To find facts, not fault c. To prevent OSHA investigations d. To establish who is at fault 0. When should the accident investigation be initiated? a. Within 8 hours of the accident b. Immediately after the event c. When it is safe to do so d. When OSHA requires it 0. Each of the following activities is part of documenting the accident scene, EXCEPT _____. a. placing warning tape around the accident scene b. making personal observations c. taking initial written statements d. taking photographs and video 0. What is the purpose of the accident investigation interview? a. To establish who is primarily at fault b. To determine the degree of involvement of the interviewee c. To get an accurate picture of what happened d. To determine extent of injuries and damage to equipment 0. What is the definition of analysis? a. Assessing the need for improvements in processes b. Judging the effectiveness of a process or procedure c. Separating the whole into its individual parts for study d. Determining how the whole contributes to its individual parts 0. Each event in the sequence of events leading up to an accident will contain _____. a. a combination of actors and events b. one actor and one action c. actors and related events d. actors, actions, and consequences 0. What must be completed before the accident investigator can analyze events to determine surface and root causes? a. Only keep those events that establish liability b. Determine the total number of events c. Accumulate all relevant events d. Arrange events into their proper sequence 0. What is a clue that you have included too much information in an event? a. All actions are stated in the past tense b. The event description is too long c. The event includes multiple actors or actions d. The actor and action are not directly related 0. In which phase of cause analysis, do we want to know what system weaknesses contributed to the accident? a. Injury cause analysis b. Surface cause analysis c. Root cause analysis d. Stem cause analysis 0. The direct cause of injury or illness is always _____. a. the result of a general lack of common sense b. the harmful transfer of energy c. a hazardous condition d. an unsafe behavior 0. Which of the following would be considered a surface cause for an accident? a. Inadequate safety inspections b. A lack of safety supervision and leadership c. A defective piece of equipment d. Inadequate safety training program 0. Which of the following is an example of an safety management system (SMS) design root cause? a. Failure of employees to respond properly when fire alarms sound b. A failure to assemble properly during a fire drill c. No written emergency action plan or fire prevention plan d. Employees are unfamiliar with how to use fire extinguishers 0. Accident investigators should assume that most accidents are caused by _____. a. unsafe behaviors b. hazardous conditions c. system weaknesses d. lack of common sense 0. An effective recommendation will include _____ corrective actions and _____ system improvements. a. common sense; engineering b. feasible; reasonable c. primarily; additional d. short-term; long-term 0. Which of the following control measures is considered the highest priority in the "Hierarchy of Controls?" a. Administrative controls b. Engineering controls c. Elimination d. Personal protective equipment 0. What is one of the most common reasons accident reports fail to achieve their intended purpose? a. Too many recommendations b. Failure to recommend system improvements c. Recommendations are not reasonable d. Failure to submit the report 0. Which of the following is not appropriate in an accident investigation report? a. An estimate of the costs of system improvements b. Assignment of corrective action responsibilities c. Recommended disciplinary action d. Timelines for corrective action and system improvements [[Take the Exam->Test 162]]

[[Previous Section->162.1]] ''Accident Types'' An accident isn't just an event that you can lump into one big category. In reality, there are many different types of accidents. Let's take a look at a partial list. * //Struck-by//: A person is forcefully struck by an object. The force of contact is provided by the object. * //Struck-against//: A person forcefully strikes an object. The person provides the force or energy. * //Contact-by//: Contact by a substance or material that, by its very nature, is harmful and causes injury. * //Contact-with//: A person comes in contact with a harmful substance or material. The person initiates the contact. * //Caught-on//: A person or part of his/her clothing or equipment is caught on an object that is either moving or stationary. This may cause the person to lose his/her balance and fall, be pulled into a machine, or suffer some other harm. * //Caught-in//: A person or part of him/her is trapped, or otherwise caught in an opening or enclosure. * //Caught-between//: A person is crushed, pinched or otherwise caught between a moving and a stationary object, or between two moving objects. * //Temporal Paradox-Causal Loop//: A future event causes a past event, which in turn causes the future event. Both events then exist, but there is no discernable origin for either event. * //Temporal Paradox-Grandfather//: A paradox in which the past is changed in such a way it creates a contradiction with the present. * //Fall-to-same-surface//: A person slips or trips and falls to the surface he/she is standing or walking on. This is the second-most common accident causing injuries in the workplace. * //Fall-To-below//: A person slips or trips and falls to a level below the one he/she was walking or standing on. This is the third-most common accident in the workplace (NSC). * //Overexertion//: A person over-extends or strains himself/herself while performing work. This is the most common accident in the workplace (NSC). * //Bodily reaction//: Caused solely from stress imposed by free movement of the body or assumption of a strained or unnatural body position. A leading source of injury. * //Over-exposure//: Over a period of time, a person is exposed to harmful energy (noise, heat), lack of energy (cold), or substances (toxic chemicals/atmospheres). [[Next Section->162.1.2]]

[[Previous Section->162.1.1]] ''Effective Accident Investigation'' An effective accident investigation program will be guided by standard written procedures. It's important to make sure procedures are clearly stated and easy to follow in a step-by-step fashion. The effective program will include the following elements: * //Joint Investigation//: Usually a supervisor, safety manager, or management/labor team conducts the investigation. Usually, two heads work better than one, especially when gathering and analyzing material facts about the accident. We recommend a team approach. * //Training//: All accident investigators will be formally trained on accident investigation techniques and procedures. * //Fact-Finding vs. Fault-Finding//: The accident investigation must be perceived as separate from any potential disciplinary procedures resulting from the accident. The purpose of the accident investigation is to get at the facts, not find fault. The accident investigator must be able to state with all sincerity, that he or she is conducting the investigation only for the purpose of determining cause, not blame. * //Recommendations//: The accident investigation report will make recommendations to correct hazardous conditions, work practices, and those underlying contributing factors that allowed them to exist. In many instances, the surface causes for the accidents are corrected on the spot, and will be reported as such. But the investigator must make recommendations for long-term corrections in the safety and health system to make sure those surface causes do not reappear. * //Formal Report//: The accident investigation report will be in writing and will make sure that the surface causes and root causes of accidents are addressed. Most accident reports are ineffective precisely because they neglect to uncover the underlying reasons or factors that contribute to the accident. * //Follow-up//: Assignment of responsibilities and follow-up procedures to make sure short and long-term corrective actions are completed. * //Review//: An annual review of accident reports. A couple of safety committee members evaluate accident reports for consistency and quality. They must make sure root causes are being addressed and corrected. Information about the types of accidents, locations, trends, etc., can be gathered. [[Next Module->162.2]]

[[Previous Section->162.2]] ''Phase 1: Injury Analysis'' It's important to understand all injuries to workers are caused by one thing: the harmful transfer of energy. Let's take a look at some examples that illustrate this important principle. * If a harsh acid splashes on your face, you may suffer a chemical burn because your skin has been exposed to a chemical form of energy that destroys tissue. In this instance, the direct cause of the injury is a harmful chemical reaction. The related surface causes might be the acidic nature of the chemical (condition) and working without proper face protection (unsafe behavior). * If your workload is too strenuous, force requirements on your body may cause a muscle strain. Here, the direct cause of injury is a harmful level of kinetic energy (energy resulting from motion), causing injury to muscle tissue. A related surface cause of the accident might be fatigue (hazardous condition) or improper lifting techniques (unsafe behavior). In the next section, we'll take a closer look at each of the types of energy that might cause injury. The important point to remember here is the "direct cause" of the injury is not the same as the "surface cause" of the accident event. * The direct cause of injury is the harmful transfer of energy as a consequence of your exposure to that energy. The direct result of the harmful energy transfer is injury. The cause is the harmful transfer of energy. The effect is the injury. * The surface cause of the accident is the condition and behavior that interacts in a way that results in the harmful transfer of energy. The interaction of the condition and behavior is the cause. The effect is the harmful transfer of energy. [[Next Section->162.2.2]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.1]] ''Phase 2: Surface Cause Analysis'' In the last module, you learned that each event in our sequence will include an actor and an action that may have contributed to the accident. Once we have identified the actors and actions in the sequence of steps, our next job is to analyze each event to determine the surface causes for the accident. ''What are Surface Causes?'' The surface causes of accidents are those hazardous conditions and unsafe or inappropriate behaviors within the sequence of events that have directly caused or contributed in some way to the accident. It's important to understand that surface causes describe unique conditions or individual behaviors. A hazardous condition is characterized by the following: * a unique tool, piece of equipment, or machinery, etc., that is not properly guarded or somehow defective * an employee's "state of being" such as fatigue or being distracted * may also be a unique defect in a process, procedure or practice * may exist at any level of the organization * is the result of deeper root causes Unsafe or Inappropriate Behaviors are characterized by: * taking an intentional/unintentional action that is unsafe or failure to take an action that is safe * a unique performance error in a process, procedure or practice * may exist at any level of the organization * are the result of deeper root causes It's important to know most hazardous conditions in the workplace are the result of the unsafe or inappropriate behaviors that produced them. [[Next Section->162.2.3]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.2]] ''Phase 3: Root Cause Analysis'' The root causes for accidents are the underlying SMS weaknesses that consist of thousands of variables, any number of which can somehow contribute to the surface causes of accidents. This level of investigation is also called "common cause" analysis (in quality terms) because you're identifying a system component that may contribute to common conditions and behaviors that exist or occur throughout the company. These weaknesses can take two forms. * SMS Design Root Causes: Inadequate design of one or more components of the safety management system. The design of safety management system policies, plans, programs, processes, procedures and practices is very important to make sure appropriate conditions, activities, behaviors, and practices occur consistently throughout the workplace. Design root causes describe the "condition" of the SMS, and ultimately, they contribute to most accidents. * SMS Performance Root Causes: Inadequate implementation of one or more components of the SMS. After each SMS component is designed, it must be effectively carried out or implemented. Performance root causes describe the "behavior" of the SMS. You may design an effective safety plan, yet suffer failure because it wasn't implemented properly. On the other hand, if you effectively implement a poorly designed component, you'll get the same results: inadequate system performance. Ultimately, for the SMS to be effective, both the design and implementation must be effective. [[Next Section->162.2.4]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.3]] When conducting an accident investigation, a basic assumption should be that somehow the SMS has failed. The investigation will either verify this assumption, or prove it wrong. Most of the time, it will be verified. Why is that? Most accidents in the workplace result from unsafe work behaviors. * unsafe behaviors are the primary surface cause for the vast majority of all workplace accidents; * hazardous conditions are the primary surface cause for a small percentage of workplace accidents; and * uncontrollable (unknowable) "acts of God" account for the remaining very small percentage. These statistics imply that, because SMS weaknesses contribute in some way to workplace hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors, those weaknesses are ultimately responsible for almost all workplace accidents. So, the basic assumption should be that, ultimately, most accidents are the result of SMS weaknesses, not unsafe behaviors or hazardous conditions. To effectively fulfill your responsibilities as an accident investigator, you must not close the investigation until these root causes and solutions have been identified. [[Next Section->162.2.5]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.4]] ''Determine Solution'' We propose recommendations that include effective immediate corrective actions and system improvements that, when applied effectively, can transform the investigation into valuable "proactive" process that helps to prevent future injuries. It's important to divide your recommendations into the categories below: * Immediate or short-term corrective actions to eliminate or reduce the hazardous conditions and/or unsafe behaviors related to the accident. * Long-term system improvements to create or revise existing safety policies, programs, plans, processes, procedures and practices identified as missing or inadequate in the investigation. Some employers may assign the responsibility for making recommendations to safety directors or other managers. However, you, as the accident investigator, may be required to take on this very important responsibility. Consequently, it's a good idea to know where to start, and how to write strong recommendations. [[Next Section->162.2.6]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.5]] ''Hierarchy of Controls'' Safety professionals recognize several primary control strategies to eliminate or reduce health hazards and employee exposure to those hazards. These basic control strategies are further organized into a "Hierarchy of Controls." Use the following hierarchy of hazard controls when making recommendations for corrective actions and system improvements: //Hazard Control Strategies// The first three strategies attempt to control hazards and the bottom three strategies try to change exposure to hazards. Controlling hazards is always preferred to controlling behavior, and that's why these strategies are at the top of the hierarchy. * Elimination - removes the source of the hazard. This strategy totally eliminates the hazard from the workplace. * Substitution - reduces the hazard. This strategy should be used if it is not feasible to eliminate the hazard. The idea is to replace the hazard with a less hazardous substitute. * Engineering controls - isolate the hazard through design. This strategy involves the design or redesign of tools, equipment, machinery and facilities so that hazardous chemicals are not needed or that exposure to those hazardous chemicals are not possible. Examples include enclosing work processes or installing local ventilation systems. //Exposure Control Strategies// These strategies attempt to control employee behaviors to eliminate or reduce exposure to existing health hazards when hazard controls are not adequate. Naturally it's more difficult to control behaviors than hazards because we're dealing with human behavior. * Warnings - raise awareness through by using signs, alarms, signals, labels, placards, cones, and other methods. For example, a warning sign might be used to keep workers from entering a confined space. * Administrative/work practice controls - eliminate/reduce exposure to hazards. This strategy helps to reduce exposure by developing and implementing effective training, policies, processes, procedures, practices and safety rules. This strategy really gets to the root causes by making recommendations to improve system weaknesses. * Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - eliminates/reduces exposure through personal barriers. This strategy is generally used in conjunction with the other strategies to reduce exposure. When effective elimination, substitution and engineering controls are not feasible appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, helmets, safety shoes, and protective clothing may be required. To be effective, PPE must be individually selected, properly fitted and periodically refitted; conscientiously and properly worn; regularly maintained; and replaced as necessary. [[Next Section->162.2.7]]

[[Previous Section->162.2.6]] ''The Accident Report Form'' One of the most common reasons an accident investigation might fail to fulfill its intended purpose of helping to eliminate similar accidents, is that the report form is poorly designed. They actually make it difficult to get beyond identification of only surface causes: root causes are often ignored. Consequently, system improvements are not recommended. Let's take a look at one format that is designed to emphasize root cause analysis. Take a look at a sample accident report. This is a report format similar to that used by KNOSOS accident investigators in conducting workplace accident investigations, but it goes further. This form includes the identification of safety management system weaknesses and recommended improvements. //Section I. Background// This section contains background information that answers questions about who the victim is, and the time, date, location of the accident, as well as other necessary details. Make sure you obtain all of this information for possible later reference. //Section II. Description of the Accident// This section presents a descriptive narrative of the events leading up to, including and immediately after the accident. It's important that the narrative paint a vivid "word picture" so that someone unfamiliar with the accident can clearly see what happened. Take a look at a [[sample->Accident Report Form Sample]]. //Section III. Findings// The findings section describes the hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors and the system weaknesses your analysis has uncovered. Each description of a surface or root cause will also include justification for the finding. The justification will explain how you came to your conclusion. Unfortunately, the most common failure found in accident reports is they address only surface causes. Consequently, similar accidents recur. These report forms may have a format that "forces" the investigator to list only surface causes for accidents. The form does not "report" the system weaknesses associated with each surface cause. Consequently, the investigator believes the job is done without ferreting out the system weaknesses representing the root causes. Other forms may actually require the investigator to indicate the status of employee negligence. Now, how can the accident investigator assure an interviewee or any other employee that the purpose of the analysis process is to "fix the system -- not the blame," when the report form shouts "negligent"? To complete this section, just state the facts: The hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, practices, and inadequate or missing programs, policies, plans, processes and procedures that produced them. Be sure to write complete descriptive sentences. Not short cryptic phrases. //Section IV. Recommendations// If root causes are not addressed properly in Section III of the report, it is doubtful recommendations in this section will include improving system inadequacies. Effective recommendations will describe ways to eliminate or reduce both surface and root causes. They will also detail estimated costs involved with implementing corrective actions. //Section V. Summary// This section contains a brief review of the causes of the accident and recommendations for corrective actions. In your review, it's important to include language that contrasts the costs of the accident with the benefits derived from investing in corrective actions. Including bottom-line information will ensure that your recommendation will be understood and appreciated by management. Remember, it's never appropriate for the accident investigator to recommend disciplinary action. Disciplinary action should be considered only by managers and only after very careful consideration of all of the facts. By the way, if system weaknesses that contributed to the accident are identified, discipline is likely unnecessary. The accident investigation report should be considered an open document until all recommendations have been addressed. [[Exam Study Guide->162.3]] [[Take the Exam->Test 162]]

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[[Previous Section->105.2.2]] ''Employer Responsibilities'' * Employers must obtain a SDS from the chemical manufacturer or importer as soon as possible if the SDS is not provided with a shipment that has been labeled as a hazardous chemical. * Employers must maintain SDSs in their workplace and must ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). * Electronic access and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the SDS are permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options. Make sure employees know how to quickly access SDS information that is stored on computers or online. * Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than one geographical location, the SDSs may be kept at the primary workplace facility. In this situation, the employer must ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information in an emergency. * Employees who work at more than one site during the work shift must be able to obtain SDS information immediately (within seconds) in an emergency. * SDSs may be kept at the primary workplace facility, as long as the employer has a representative available at all times to ensure ready access (within a few minutes) to this information. This is the only situation in which an employer is allowed to transmit hazard information via voice communication. The employer must address in the written hazard communication plan how SDS information will be conveyed to remote worksites. * SDSs may be kept in any form, including operating procedures, and may be designed to cover groups of hazardous chemicals in a work area where it may be more appropriate to address the hazards of a process rather than individual hazardous chemicals. [[Next Section->105.2.4]]

[[Previous Section->105.2.3]] ''Training Requirements'' Employees must receive information and training that ensures their awareness of the chemical hazards used in their work area. Employers must provide this information when an employee is initially assigned to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and before assignments involving new exposure situations. Employees must be informed of: * the requirements of the HCS 2012 * any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present * the location and availability of the written hazard communication program (including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals and SDSs required by the HCS) To make sure all training requirements are met, we recommend reviewing each section of the SDS. Group discussion and examples can be effective training strategies to make the training more interesting to students. Demonstrating and practicing the use of PPE for properly using and cleaning up spills is especially important. ''Training Topics'' Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and SDSs. Employee training must include at least the following topics: * Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area. * The physical hazard, health hazards, simple asphyxiation, combustible dust, and pyrophoric gas hazards, as well as hazards not otherwise classified, of the chemicals in the work area. * The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used. * The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labels received on shipped containers and the workplace labeling system used by their employer; the safety data sheet, including the order of information and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. ''Training for Emergencies'' A frequently overlooked portion of the training provisions is dealing with emergency procedures. The scope and extent of employee training depends on the extent to which the employer plans to respond to emergencies. The HCS training program may need to include the Emergency Action Plan and/or the Emergency Response Plan as follows: * Emergency Action Plan (EAP): If the employer merely intends to evacuate the work area, the training in emergency procedures could be limited to, information on the emergency alarm system in use at the worksite, evacuation routes, and reporting areas as detailed in the employer's emergency action plan under ███████, Emergency Action Plans. * Emergency Response Plan (ERP): Where employees are expected to moderate or control the impact of the emergency in a manner similar to an emergency responder, training under ████████, Hazardous Waste and Emergency Operations, would be required. [[Exam Study Guide->105.3]] [[Take the Exam->Test 105]]

You have chosen to take the [[162 - Accident Investigation]] exam. To be certain you are ready to take the exam, please click the 162 below. Are you ready to take the exam? [[Yes->Test 162]], I am ready to take [[162->162.4.2]] or [[No->162 - Accident Investigation]] thanks, another time.

Thank you for attention to detail; welcome to the exam for 162, Accident Investigation. This course is an introduction of the basic steps in an effective accident investigation that will help you to accurately determine the facts, understand injury analysis, surface-cause analysis, and root-cause analysis. You learned why the goal is to discover weaknesses in the safety management system that contribute to accidents. As a reminder, you have a time limit of 7200 seconds to complete this exam. [[Proceed->162.4.3]] [[Return->162 - Accident Investigation]]

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(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[Up->162.4.3]] 0. [[Down->162.4.3]] 0. [[Left->Left1]] 0. [[Right->162.4.3]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[Up->162.4.3]] 0. [[Down->162.4.3]] 0. [[Left->162.4.3]] 0. [[Right->Right1]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[Up->162.4.3]] 0. [[Down->162.4.3]] 0. [[Left->Left2]] 0. [[Right->162.4.3]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[Up->162.4.3]] 0. [[Down->162.4.3]] 0. [[Left->162.4.3]] 0. [[Right->Right2]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[A->162.4.3]] 0. [[B->B1]] 0. [[Start->162.4.3]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[A->A1]] 0. [[B->162.4.3]] 0. [[Start->162.4.3]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

(set: $counter to 7200) You have |amount>[$counter] seconds left! Question 1: 0. [[A->162.4.3]] 0. [[B->162.4.3]] 0. [[Start->162.4.4]] (live: 1s)[ (set: $counter to it - 1) (if: $counter is 0)[(go-to: "Failure")] (replace: ?amount)[$counter] ] (after:7200s)[|failure>[You did not respond in an appropriate period of time. Try again? [[Yes->162.4.3]]]]

"You successfully passed the [[162 - Accident Investigation]] Test" Thank you for taking the certification exam. Please proceed to the following page to acquire your [[162 - Accident Investigation Certification Code]].

You have chosen to take the [[159 - Hearing Protection]] exam. To be certain you are ready to take the exam, please click the 159 below. Are you ready to take the exam? [[Yes->Test 159.4.01]], I am ready to take (link: "159")[ (set: $counter to 0) (go-to: "Test 159.4.01") ] or [[No->159 - Hearing Protection]] thanks, another time.

Question One In "A Long Fall", how many points are there? * [[13->Test 159.4.02]] * (link: "9")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "Test 159.4.02") ] * [[21->Test 159.4.02]] * [[7->Test 159.4.02]]

Question Two "How does it feel to be the worst cop ever, huh?" * [["Don't ask too many questions in Markarth. Safer for everyone that way."->Test 159.4.03]] * [[“I'm the grim reaper, Lardass, and you're my next customer.”->Test 159.4.03]] * (link: "Shut up; your mother buys you megablocks instead of legos.")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "Test 159.4.03") ]

Question Three Posideon quivers before who? * (link: "Him")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "Test 159.4.04") ] * [[He->Test 159.4.04]]

(if:$counter is 3)[(set:$result to "You successfully passed the [[159 - Hearing Protection]] Test Thank you for taking the certification exam. Please proceed to the following page to acquire your [[159 - Hearing Protection Certification Code]].")] (if:$counter is >0 AND <3)[(set:$result to "You attempted your best, but you didn't succeed. [[Try again?->Test 159]]")] (if:$counter is 0)[(set:$result to "[[Please study the material and attempt the test again at a later date.->Test 159]]")] $result

Question One What is the perimeter of a circle called? * [[Chord->107.4.2]] * (link: "Circumference")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "107.4.2") ] * [[Diameter->107.4.2]] * [[Radius->107.4.2]]

Question Two What is a shape with eight sides called? * (link: "Octogon")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "107.4.3") ] * [[Heptagon->107.4.3]] * [[Trefoil->107.4.3]] * [[Polygon->107.4.3]]

Question Three What is the mathematical name for a pound sign (#)? * [[Ampersand->107.4.4]] * [[Therefore->107.4.4]] * [[Integral->107.4.4]] * (link: "Octothorpe")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "107.4.4") ]

Question Four Who invented paint by number? * [[James Jean->107.4.5]] * [[Caravaggio->107.4.5]] * (link: "Leonardo Da Vinci")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "107.4.5") ] * [[Edvard Munch->107.4.5]]

Question Five What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow? * [[11 m/s->107.4.6]] * [[24 mph->107.4.6]] * [[9 m/s->107.4.6]] * [[20 mph->107.4.6]]

Question One How often should one expose themselves to any hazardous materials while on company property? * [[Once or twice a month->105.4.2]] * [[Annually->105.4.2]] * [[Daily->105.4.2]] * (link: "Never")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.2") ]

Question Two Please select the word which is a sling contraction of the phrase “going to”. * [[Gunner->105.4.3]] * [[Goner->105.4.3]] * (link: "Gonna")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.3") ] * [[Gunter->105.4.3]]

Question Three If one were to relinquish the control of an item into the custody of another, which word would most accurately describe the action you took? * [[Take->105.4.4]] * [[Yeet->105.4.4]] * [[Remove->105.4.4]] * (link: "Give")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.4") ]

Question Four Who is responsible for your personal safety while you are working at any of our facilities? * [[The Founders->105.4.5]] * (link: "You")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.5") ] * [[Your supervisor->105.4.5]] * [[The security drones->105.4.5]]

Question Five Which of these is a variety of Quark? * (link: "Up")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.6") ] * [[Sideways->105.4.6]] * [[Through->105.4.6]] * [[Turtle->105.4.6]]

Question Six If all employees perform their duties properly, how often should there be an accident on site? * [[Pretty much every day->105.4.7]] * [[Once in a blue moon->105.4.7]] * (link: "Never")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.7") ] * [[I mean, there was one this morning->105.4.7]]

Question Seven Complete the following sentence, “Who you _____ call?” * [[Want to->105.4.8]] * [[About to->105.4.8]] * (link: "Gonna")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.8") ] * [[Trying to->105.4.8]]

Question Eight Complete the quote: “___ there be Light” * [[Over->105.4.9]] * (link: "Let")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.9") ] * [[Yarrrr->105.4.9]] * [[Where->105.4.9]]

Question Nine The acronym “I.O.U.” stands for “I owe ___” * [[No one->105.4.10]] * [[A lot of people a lot of money->105.4.10]] * (link: "You")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.10") ] * [[My life to Knosos->105.4.10]]

Question Ten In popular culture, the realm of the afterlife commonly down as Hell is located in which direction? //Note: While this notion has been recently proven false by Extradimensional Dives performed at the Gateway facility, please answer as if you did not know this information// * (link: "Down")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "105.4.11") ] * [[The near future->105.4.11]] * [[6.66 miles southwest of Albuquerque->105.4.11]] * [[Within->105.4.11]]

(if:$counter is >9)[(set:$result to "You successfully passed the [[105 - Hazard Communication]] Test Thank you for taking the certification exam. Please proceed to the following page to acquire your [[ 105 Hazard Communucation Certification Code]].")] (elseif:$counter is >0 AND <9)[(set:$result to "You attempted your best, but you didn't succeed. [[Try again?->Test 105]]")] (elseif:$counter is 0)[(set:$result to "[[Please study the material and attempt the test again at a later date.->Test 105]]")] $result

(if:$counter is >4)[(set:$result to "You successfully passed the [[107 - Emergency Action Plans and Fire Prevention Plans]] Test Thank you for taking the certification exam. Please proceed to the following page to acquire your [[ 107 - Emergency Action Plans and Fire Prevention Plans Certification Code]].")] (if:$counter is >0 AND <4)[(set:$result to "You attempted your best, but you didn't succeed. [[Try again?->Test 107]]")] (if:$counter is 0)[(set:$result to "[[Please study the material and attempt the test again at a later date.->Test 107]]")] $result

Question Six What is a scalene triangle? * [[A triangle in which all three sides are different lengths->107.4.7]] * [[A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles->107.4.7]] * [[A triangle in which all three angles are of different measures->107.4.7]] * (link: "The first and third answer")[ (set: $counter to it + 1) (go-to: "107.4.7") ] * [[None of the above->107.4.7]]

You have chosen to take the [[105 - Hazard Communication]] exam. To be certain you are ready to take the exam, please click the 105 below. Are you ready to take the exam? [[Yes->Test 105]], I am ready to take (link: "105")[ (set: $counter to 0) (go-to: "105.4.1") ] or [[No->105 - Hazard Communication]] thanks, another time.

You have chosen to take the [[107 - Emergency Action Plans and Fire Prevention Plans]] exam. To be certain you are ready to take the exam, please click the 107 below. Are you ready to take the exam? [[Yes->Test 107]], I am ready to take (link: "107")[ (set: $counter to 0) (go-to: "107.4.1") ] or [[No->107 - Emergency Action Plans and Fire Prevention Plans]] thanks, another time.

Congratulations on passing your Certification Test, please use the following PASSCODE to receive your Certificate "''FRANKLIN''" //You know where this should go.//

Congratulations on passing your Certification Test, please use the following PASSCODE to receive your Certificate "''MORANIS''" //You know where this should go.//

Congratulations on passing your Certification Test, please use the following PASSCODE to receive your Certificate "''PHRONESIS''" //You know where this should go.//

Congratulations on passing your Certification Test, please use the following PASSCODE to receive your Certificate "''SEC-REP-164-A''" //You know where this should go.//